Amphetamines Manufacturing / Production

The Section and the Act 

Manufacturing, creating, or producing amphetamine falls within the definition of “traffick” under section 70 of the Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances Act 1981 (Vic). It is prosecuted as trafficking, most commonly under: 

• Section 71AC Trafficking in a drug of dependence (applies where the quantity manufactured does not meet a commercial or large commercial threshold) 

• Section 71AA / Section 71 where the quantity manufactured meets or exceeds the commercial or large commercial quantity thresholds for amphetamine.  

For amphetamine, the relevant thresholds set out in Schedule Eleven of the Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances Act 1981 (Vic) are 100.0 g pure (commercial quantity) and 750.0 g pure (large commercial quantity). Where the drug is contained in or mixed with another substance, the applicable mixture thresholds under Part 3 of Schedule Eleven apply instead (commercial mixture quantity = 500 g; large commercial mixture quantity = 1.0 kg) Two related offences are also commonly charged alongside manufacturing allegations: 

• Section 71C Possession of a tablet press, guilty of an indictable offence and  

liable to a penalty of not more than 600 penalty units or level 6 imprisonment (5 years maximum) or both. 

• Section 71D Possession of precursor chemicals in a quantity that is not less than the prescribed quantity applicable to that precursor chemical is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to a penalty of not more than 600 penalty units or level 6 imprisonment (5 years maximum) or both 

Amphetamine is a drug of dependence for the purposes of the Act because it is listed in Schedule Eleven, referenced by the definition of “drug of dependence” in section 4. 

Maximum Penalty 

• Manufacturing amphetamine (base offence, s 71AC) – maximum level 4 imprisonment (15 years). There is no separate fixed fine specified for this offence. 

• Manufacturing a commercial quantity (s 71AA) – maximum level 2 imprisonment (25 years) 

• Manufacturing a large commercial quantity (s 71) – maximum level 1 imprisonment (life), with an additional fine of up to 5000 penalty units 

• Possession of a tablet press (s 71C) – maximum 600 penalty units or level 6 imprisonment (5 years), or both 

• Possession of precursor chemicals (s 71D) – maximum 600 penalty units or level 6 imprisonment (5 years), or both 

Because manufacturing is charged as a form of trafficking, the same quantity based escalation that applies to selling or supplying amphetamine also applies here. The more that is manufactured, the higher the applicable maximum penalty. 

Elements of the Offence 

The prosecution must prove, beyond reasonable doubt: 

The accused engaged in conduct amounting to manufacture, creation, or production of a substance, this is captured within the broad statutory definition of “traffick” in s 70, alongside preparing, selling, exchanging, or possessing for sale 

The substance produced was a drug of dependence here, that it was in fact Amphetamine 

The accused acted without being authorised or licensed under the Act to do so 

Where a commercial or large commercial quantity is alleged that the accused intended to manufacture a quantity not less than the relevant threshold, a question of fact for the jury based on all the circumstances (R v Nguyen; DPP Reference (No 1 of 2004) (Vic) (2005) 12 VR 299; R v Bui [2005] VSCA 300; Mustica v The Queen (2011) 31 VR 367) 

For the related tablet press and precursor chemical offences, the prosecution must prove possession of the item or substance, that it falls within the statutory description, and the absence of lawful authorisation. 

Defences 

Depending on the facts, a number of defences may be available, including: 

• Authorisation or licence -that the accused held a lawful authority to manufacture, produce, or possess the relevant substances or equipment, for example in a licensed research or industrial setting 

• Duress 

• Factual dispute – challenging whether manufacturing conduct actually occurred, whether the substance produced was amphetamine, or whether items found (such as equipment) were actually connected to manufacture 

• Honest and reasonable mistake of belief 

• Wrongful identification – disputing the accused’s connection to the manufacturing operation, particularly where multiple people had access to a property or premises 

• Lack of intent – challenging whether the accused intended to manufacture the drug, as opposed to, for example, merely being present at a location where manufacturing equipment was found 

• Mental impairment 

Manufacturing cases often turn heavily on physical evidence located at a property, equipment, chemical residue, and documentation, and on establishing the connection (or lack of it) between the accused and that evidence. 

Which Court Hears This Matter 

• Base trafficking (manufacturing) under s 71AC may be heard summarily in the Magistrates’ Court in some circumstances, or on indictment in the County Court, depending on the seriousness and complexity of the allegation and whether the Magistrates’ Court’s sentencing powers are considered adequate, with the accused’s consent required for a summary hearing. 

• Commercial and large commercial quantity manufacturing (s 71AA and s 71) are indictable offences heard in the County Court, with the most serious matters potentially proceeding in the Supreme Court. 

• Tablet press (s 71C) and precursor chemical (s 71D) possession are indictable offences that may be heard summarily in the Magistrates’ Court or on indictment in the County Court, depending on the circumstances of the offending.  

• There is a presumption against bail for commercial and large commercial quantity charges. Commercial and large commercial quantity charges (s 71AA and s71) are Schedule 1 offences under the Bail Act 1977 (Vic), meaning bail must be refused unless exceptional circumstances.